《保险研究》20231109-《航空器不适航的除外免责与保险事故的因果关系之证成》（郝秀辉、张弛）

［摘   要］在航空保险实践中，航空器不适航是保险合同的除外事项，但是否能够使保险人免责，存在争议，其关键点在于航空器不适航与保险事故之间是否存在因果关系。多数判例不要求航空器不适航与保险事故间存在因果关系，保险人依据该除外事项即可免责。该观点的主要理由是被保险人应信守保险合同约定、保险人有权限制保险责任范围、激励适航义务主体满足适航要求。但这种观点存在保险合同内容会遭到反技术法规的限制、保险人与被保险人之间利益失衡等问题。也有判例要求航空器不适航与保险事故间存在因果关系，其理由是这既不损害保险人的利益，也符合被保险人的合理期待，更符合航空安全和公共安全的政策需求。由于航空器适航的概念范畴较大，因果关系的认定要考量航空器不适航对保险事故的损失有无贡献或贡献大小。不同类型的航空保险事故，保险人的免责情况各不相同。

［关键词］航空器不适航；除外事项；保险事故；因果关系

［基金项目］本文为天津市研究生科研创新项目“双碳背景下民航绿色发展法治保障研究”(2022SKYZ353)阶段性成果；天津市普通高等学校本科教学改革与质量建设研究计划项目“新时代高质量发展背景下行业高校法学专业特色发展模式与路径研究”(B231005910)阶段性成果。

［作者简介］郝秀辉，中国民航大学法学院院长、教授、硕士生导师；张弛，中国民航大学法学院硕士研究生。

Proof of Causal Connection between the Exclusion of Aircraft Unairworthiness and the Insured Accident

HAO Xiu-hui,ZHANG Chi

Abstract：In aviation insurance practice,whether the aircraft unairworthiness exclusion clause can exempt the insurer from liability is controversial,and the key point lies in whether there is a causal connection between aircraft unairworthiness and the insurance accident.The majority of jurisprudence does not require a causal connection between aircraft unseaworthiness and the insured accident,and the insurer can be exempted from liability based on the exclusion.The main reasons for this view are that the insured should abide by the insurance contract,the insurer has the right to limit the scope of coverage,and can incentivize the subject of airworthiness obligations to meet the conditions of airworthiness.This viewpoint has problems such as the content of the insurance contract being restricted by anti-technical regulations and the imbalance of interests between the insurer and the insured.There is also a lot of jurisprudence requiring a causal connection between aircraft unairworthiness and insurance accidents.The rationale for this view is that it does not jeopardize the interests of the insurer and it is in line with not only the reasonable expectations of the insured,and but also the needs of aviation safety and public safety protection.Due to the large scope of the concept of airworthiness of an aircraft,the determination of causation takes into account whether the unairworthiness of the aircraft has contributed to the loss of the accident and the extent of such contribution.The insurer′s exclusion of liability varies under different types of aviation insurance accidents.

Key words：aircraft unairworthiness;exclusions;insurance accident;causal connection