《保险研究》20260404-《功能主义视阈下财产保全保险制度整合研究》（李媛媛、宋秉轩）

［摘   要］财产保全保险降低了诉讼财产保全制度中原被告申请保全或解除保全的诉讼成本,契合该制度对效率价值的追求。然而,在具体险种设计层面,责任保险、保证保险与财产损失保险模式间的界限尚未厘清,致使诉责险呈现出有别于其他责任保险的可视化保险责任,也导致诉证险与解证险虽属保证保险范畴,却与财产损失保险模式相耦合,损害了分配正义。这种“界限模糊”削弱了传统保险风险防控功能,为诉权滥用提供了制度空间,导致“非必要财产保全”现象激增。为合理整合相关制度,在充分考量诉讼财产保全制度立法目的与保单保函性质的基础上,提出功能主义路径相较于形式主义路径与之具有更高契合性。由此,财产保全保险应归属于非合同型保证保险范畴。进而,通过剖析非合同型保证保险内部各险种的共性与特性可知,亟须增设主动告知义务与最大诚信告知义务、限制保险合同解除权的行使、采用过错推定原则认定责任、明确保费负担机制,以此实现效率价值与分配正义的平衡。

［关键词］财产保全保险；保证保险；非必要财产保全；功能主义

［基金项目］本文系国家社会科学基金“农村合作金融的法律监管问题研究(20BFX155)”的阶段性研究成果。

［作者简介］李媛媛,法学博士,温州大学法学院副教授、北京天驰君泰(温州)律师事务所高级顾问；宋秉轩,法律硕士,就职于瑞安市人民检察院。

A Study on the Integration of the Property Preservation Insurance System from the Perspective of Functionalism

Li Yuan-yuan,Song Bing-xuan

Abstract：Property preservation insurance reduces the litigation costs for plaintiffs and defendants for filing an application for property preservation or lifting a preservation order under the litigation property preservation system,which aligns with the system’s pursuit of the value of efficiency. However,at the level of specific insurance product design,the boundaries between the liability insurance,guarantee insurance and property loss insurance models have not yet been clarified. This has resulted in litigation property preservation liability insurance presenting visualizable insurance liabilities that are distinct from other types of liability insurance. Meanwhile,it has also caused litigation preservation guarantee insurance and preservation discharge guarantee insurance,although falling within the scope of guarantee insurance,to be coupled with the property loss insurance model,which undermines distributive justice. This “blurring of boundaries” weakens the risk prevention and control function of traditional insurance,provides institutional room for the abuse of litigation rights,and leads to a sharp increase in the incidence of “unnecessary property preservation”. To realize the reasonable integration of the relevant systems,this paper,on the basis of a full consideration of the legislative purpose of the litigation property preservation system and the nature of insurance policy-backed letters of guarantee,argues that the functionalist approach has a higher compatibility with the system than the formalist approach. On this basis,property preservation insurance shall be classified into the category of non-contractual guarantee insurance. Furthermore,through an analysis of the commonalities and characteristics of each type of insurance within non-contractual guarantee insurance,it is urgent to impose an active disclosure obligation and an utmost good faith disclosure obligation,restrict the exercise of the right to rescind insurance contracts,adopt the principle of presumption of fault for liability determination,and clarify the premium bearing mechanism,so as to strike a balance between the value of efficiency and distributive justice.

Key words：property preservation insurance;guarantee insurance;unnecessary property preservation;functionalism